Kumkumam is a powder, usually deep red (other colours, shades of red are also available), which is applied on the forehead.  Men also apply kumkum on the forehead, but this mark has a special significance on a woman.  Kumkumam applied in the hair parting is an indication that she is married.  

Kumkuman is a mixture of slaked lime and turmeric.  Turmeric is an antiseptic.  It is believed that applying kumkumam in the forehead (where the eyebrows meet)is effective, for this is a spot where nerve ends meet.  Also, it is believed that kumkumam in the forehead drives away evil spirits and forces.